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Type of Account |
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529 College Savings Account |
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Coverdell Education Savings Account |
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UGMA/UTMA Custodial |
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Parents’ Investment Account |
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Income limits |
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None. Anyone can contribute. |
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Ability to contribute is phased out for married couples with incomes between $190,000 and $220,000 and for individuals with incomes between $95,000 and $110,000.* |
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None. |
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None. |
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Contribution limits |
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$250,000 per beneficiary. |
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$2,000 per year per beneficiary.* |
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None. |
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None. |
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Income tax treatment |
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Earnings can grow tax free, and withdrawals for qualified higher education expenses are free from federal tax. |
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Earnings can grow free from tax, and withdrawals for qualified elementary, secondary* and higher education expenses are free from federal tax. |
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For children either (i) under age 19 or (ii) full-time students under age 24 whose earned income does not exceed one-half of their support, the first $900 of earnings is tax free. Earnings between $900 and $1,800 are taxed at the child’s rate; earnings above $1,800 are taxed at the parent’s rate. |
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Dividends and interest are taxed to owner at applicable rates, and capital gains are taxed at capital gain rates. |
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Control |
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Owner maintains control of the assets, decides when withdrawals will be made and can change the beneficiary. |
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Beneficiary may assume control at age of majority, 18 or 21 in most states. |
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Beneficiary assumes control at age of majority, 18 or 21 in most states. |
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Owner maintains control of the assets and decides when withdrawals will be made. |
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Investment flexibility |
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You can change your assets among funds once each calendar year or when you change the beneficiary. |
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You can change your assets as often as you want. |
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You can move your assets as often as you want, but each transfer usually is a taxable event. |
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You can move your assets as often as you want, but each transfer usually is a taxable event. |
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Uses |
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Higher education expenses, such as tuition, room and board, books and supplies. |
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Education expenses, including tuition, books and room and board for kindergarten through high school, college and graduate school. |
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Any use that benefits the child. |
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Any use. |
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Ability to change beneficiaries |
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Yes. |
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Yes. |
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No. |
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Not applicable. |
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Penalties on nonqualified withdrawals |
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Ordinary income taxes and a 10% federal tax penalty on earnings. |
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Ordinary income taxes and a 10% federal tax penalty on earnings. |
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Not applicable. |
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Not applicable. |
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Rollovers |
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Yes. Allowed once every 12 months or when you change the beneficiary. |
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Yes. Allowed once every 12 months. |
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Not applicable. |
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Not applicable. |
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* This tax benefit is effective through 2010 unless extended by Congress.
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